Mccarthy, Patrick M. (Hunting Valley, OH, US)
Schweich Jr., Cyril J. (St. Paul, MN, US)
Mortier, Todd J. (Minneapolis, MN, US)
Keith, Peter T. (St. Paul, MN, US)
Kallok, Michael J. (New Brighton, MN, US)

Plaque It! Sponsored by: Flash of Genius

10/136446

03/13/2007

05/02/2002

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Myocor, Inc. (Maple Grove, MN, US)

600/16

600/37

A61B17/00; A61F2/00; A61B17/04; A61B17/122; A61B19/00; A61F2/24; A61B17/12

623/2.1, 623/2.36, 128/898, 606/151, 600/37, 623/2.33, 623/3.1, 600/16

0963899		July, 1910	Kistler
3019790	Combination hemostat and intravenous needle	February, 1962	Militana
3656185	CARDIAC VALVULAR SUPPORT PROSTHESIS	April, 1972	Carpentier
3980068	Gasoline powered machine having two electric circuit switches	September, 1976	Karsten et al.
4035849	Heart valve stent and process for preparing a stented heart valve prosthesis	July, 1977	Angell et al.
4055861	Support for a natural human heart valve	November, 1977	Carpentier et al.
4192293	Cardiac assist device	March, 1980	Asrican	600/18
4217665	Prosthesis for use in valvuloplasty	August, 1980	Bex et al.
4261342	Process for installing mitral valves in their anatomical space by attaching cords to an artificial stent	April, 1981	Aranguren Duo	128/1
4300564	Forceps for extracting stones in the pelvis of a kidney	November, 1981	Furihata
4306319	Heart valve with non-circular body	December, 1981	Kaster
4343048	Stent for a cardiac valve	August, 1982	Ross et al.
4372293	Apparatus and method for surgical correction of ptotic breasts	February, 1983	Vijil-Rosales	128/1
4409974	Bone-fixating surgical implant device	October, 1983	Freedland	128/92
4536893	Implant device for substaining the activity of the myocardium	August, 1985	Parravicini	623/3
4579120	Strain relief for percutaneous lead	April, 1986	MacGregor
4592342	Method for appetite suppression and weight loss maintenance and device	June, 1986	Salmasian
4629459	Alternate stent covering for tissue valves	December, 1986	Ionescu et al.
4690134	Ventricular assist device	September, 1987	Snyders	128/64
4705040	Percutaneous fixation of hollow organs	November, 1987	Mueller et al.
4936857	Prosthetic pericardium	June, 1990	Kulik	623/3
4944753	Method for producing retro-sternal space	July, 1990	Burgess et al.	623/16
4960424	Method of replacing a defective atrio-ventricular valve with a total atrio-ventricular valve bioprosthesis	October, 1990	Grooters	623/2
4997431	Catheter	March, 1991	Isner et al.	606/15
5061277	Flexible cardiac valvular support prosthesis	October, 1991	Carpentier et al.
5104407	Selectively flexible annuloplasty ring	April, 1992	Lam et al.
5106386	Catheter	April, 1992	Isner et al.	606/15
5131905	External cardiac assist device	July, 1992	Grooters	600/16
RE34021	Percutaneous fixation of hollow organs	August, 1992	Mueller et al.	604/51
5156621	Stentless bioprosthetic cardiac valve	October, 1992	Navia et al.
5169381	Ventricular assist device	December, 1992	Snyders	600/16
5192314	Synthetic intraventricular implants and method of inserting	March, 1993	Daskalakis	623/3
5250049	Bone and tissue connectors	October, 1993	Michael	606/72
5258015	Locking filament caps	November, 1993	Li et al.
5284488	Adjustable devices for the occlusion of cardiac defects	February, 1994	Sideris	606/213
5300087	Multiple purpose forceps	April, 1994	Knoepfler
5312642	Method and apparatus for calendering and coating/filling sutures	May, 1994	Chesterfield et al.
5360444	Occluder supporter and a method of attachment thereof	November, 1994	Kusuhara
5376112	Valveless conduit with sigmoid valve annuloplasty ring	December, 1994	Duren
5385528	Intrapericardial assist device and associated method	January, 1995	Wilk	600/18
5389096	System and method for percutaneous myocardial revascularization	February, 1995	Aita et al.
5417709	Endoscopic instrument with end effectors forming suction and/or irrigation lumens	May, 1995	Slater
5433727	Centering buttoned device for the occlusion of large defects for occluding	July, 1995	Sideris	606/213
5445600	Flow control systemic to pulmonary arterial shunt	August, 1995	Abdulla
5450860	Device for tissue repair and method for employing same	September, 1995	O'Connor	128/898
5452733	Methods for performing thoracoscopic coronary artery bypass	September, 1995	Sterman et al.	128/898
5458574	System for performing a cardiac procedure	October, 1995	Machold et al.	604/101
5496305	Catheter for laser angiosurgery	March, 1996	Kittrell et al.	606/15
5509428	Method and apparatus for the creation of tricuspid regurgitation	April, 1996	Dunlop	128/898
5522884	Holder for adjustable mitral & tricuspid annuloplasty rings	June, 1996	Wright
5533958	Intrapericardial assist device and associated method	July, 1996	Wilk	600/18
5571215	Devices and methods for intracardiac procedures	November, 1996	Sterman et al.	623/66
5584803	System for cardiac procedures	December, 1996	Stevens et al.	604/4
5593424	Apparatus and method for reducing and stabilizing the circumference of a vascular structure	January, 1997	Northrup III	606/232
5607471	Prosthetic ring for heart surgery	March, 1997	Seguin et al.
5665092	Marker for surgical procedures	September, 1997	Mangiardi et al.
5674279	Annuloplasty and suture rings	October, 1997	Wright et al.
5682906	Methods of performing intracardiac procedures on an arrested heart	November, 1997	Sterman et al.	128/898
5702343	Cardiac reinforcement device	December, 1997	Alferness	607/37
5713954	Extra cardiac ventricular assist device	February, 1998	Rosenberg et al.
5718725	Devices and methods for intracardiac procedures	February, 1998	Sterman et al.	623/2
5755783	Suture rings for rotatable artificial heart valves	May, 1998	Stobie et al.
5758663	Coronary artery by-pass method	June, 1998	Wilk et al.
5766234	Implanting and fixing a flexible probe for administering a medical therapy at a treatment site within a patient'body	June, 1998	Chen et al.
5776189	Cardiac valvular support prosthesis	July, 1998	Khalid et al.
5800334	Intrapericardial assist device and associated method	September, 1998	Wilk	600/18
5800528	Passive girdle for heart ventricle for therapeutic aid to patients having ventricular dilatation	September, 1998	Lederman et al.	623/3
5800531	Bioprosthetic heart valve implantation device	September, 1998	Cosgrove et al.
5807384	Transmyocardial revascularization (TMR) enhanced treatment for coronary artery disease	September, 1998	Mueller
5814097	Devices and methods for intracardiac procedures	September, 1998	Sterman et al.	623/2
5824066	Annuloplasty prosthesis	October, 1998	Gross
5824069	Prosthetic heart valve with suturing member having non-uniform radial width	October, 1998	Lemole
5840059	Therapeutic and diagnostic agent delivery	November, 1998	March et al.
5849005	Method and apparatus for minimizing the risk of air embolism when performing a procedure in a patient's thoracic cavity	December, 1998	Garrison et al.	606/1
5855601	Artificial heart valve and method and device for implanting the same	January, 1999	Bessler et al.
5855614	Method and apparatus for thoracoscopic intracardiac procedures	January, 1999	Stevens et al.	623/11
5865791	Atrial appendage stasis reduction procedure and devices	February, 1999	Whayne et al.	604/49
5876436	Rotatable cuff assembly for a heart valve prosthesis	March, 1999	Vanney et al.
5888240	Distensible annuloplasty ring for surgical remodelling of an atrioventricular valve and nonsurgical method for post-implantation distension thereof to accomodate patient growth	March, 1999	Carpentier et al.
5902229	Drive system for controlling cardiac compression	May, 1999	Tsitlik et al.	600/46
5928281	Tissue heart valves	July, 1999	Huynh et al.
5944738	Percutaneous catheter directed constricting occlusion device	August, 1999	Amplatz et al.
5957977	Activation device for the natural heart including internal and external support structures	September, 1999	Melvin	623/3
5961440	Heart wall tension reduction apparatus and method	October, 1999	Schweich, Jr. et al.	600/16
5961539	Method and apparatus for sizing, stabilizing and/or reducing the circumference of an anatomical structure	October, 1999	Northrup, III et al.
5961549	Multi-leaflet bioprosthetic heart valve	October, 1999	Nguyen et al.
5967990	Surgical probe comprising visible markings on an elastic membrane	October, 1999	Thierman et al.
5971910	Method and apparatus for assisting a heart to pump blood by applying substantially uniform pressure to the ventricles	October, 1999	Tsitlik et al.	600/16
5971911	Intrapericardial assist device and associated method	October, 1999	Wilk
5972022	Tissue attachment device having elastomeric section	October, 1999	Huxel	606/215
5984857	Step-down skeletal muscle energy conversion system	November, 1999	Buck et al.	606/16
5984917	Device and method for remote insertion of a closed loop	November, 1999	Fleischman et al.
5999678	Laser delivery means adapted for drug delivery	December, 1999	Murphy-Chutorian et al.
6001126	Stentless bioprosthetic heart valve with coronary protuberances and related methods for surgical repair of defective heart valves	December, 1999	Nguyen-Thien-Nhon
6019722	Device to permit offpump beating heart coronary bypass surgery	February, 2000	Spence et al.
6024096	Anterior segment ventricular restoration apparatus and method	February, 2000	Buckberg	128/898
6024756	Method of reversibly closing a septal defect	February, 2000	Huebsch et al.	606/213
6045497	Heart wall tension reduction apparatus and method	April, 2000	Schweich, Jr. et al.	600/16
6050936	Heart wall tension reduction apparatus	April, 2000	Schweich, Jr. et al.	600/37
6059715	Heart wall tension reduction apparatus	May, 2000	Schweich, Jr. et al.	600/16
6071303	Device for the treatment of infarcted tissue and method of treating infarcted tissue	June, 2000	Laufer	607/96
6077214	Stress reduction apparatus and method	June, 2000	Mortier et al.	600/16
6077218	Cardiac reinforcement device	June, 2000	Alferness	600/37
6079414	Method for thoracoscopic intracardiac procedures including septal defect	June, 2000	Roth	128/898
6085754	Cardiac disease treatment method	July, 2000	Alferness et al.	128/898
6086532	Systems for recording use of structures deployed in association with heart tissue	July, 2000	Panescu et al.
6095968	Reinforcement device	August, 2000	Snyders	600/16
6102944	Methods of tissue heart valve assembly	August, 2000	Huynh et al.
6110100	System for stress relieving the heart muscle and for controlling heart function	August, 2000	Talpade	600/37
6113536	Device and method of attaching a blood pump and tubes to a surgical retractor	September, 2000	Aboul-Hosn et al.
6117159	Apparatus and method for closing a septal defect	September, 2000	Huebsch et al.	606/213
6120520	Apparatus and methods for stimulating revascularization and/or tissue growth	September, 2000	Saadat et al.
6123662	Cardiac disease treatment and device	September, 2000	Alferness et al.	600/37
6125852	Minimally-invasive devices and methods for treatment of congestive heart failure	October, 2000	Stevens et al.	128/898
6126590	Cardiac reinforcement device	October, 2000	Alferness	600/37
6129758	Products and methods for circulatory system valve repair	October, 2000	Love
6132438	Devices for installing stasis reducing means in body tissue	October, 2000	Fleischman et al.
6143025	Suture rings for rotatable artificial heart valves	November, 2000	Stobie et al.
6155968	Method and device for improving cardiac function	December, 2000	Wilk	600/16
6155972	Cardiac constraint jacket construction	December, 2000	Nauertz et al.	600/37
6162168	Heart wall tension reduction apparatus	December, 2000	Schweich, Jr. et al.	600/16
6165119	Heart wall tension reduction apparatus and method	December, 2000	Schweich, Jr. et al.	600/16
6165120	Heart wall tension reduction apparatus and method	December, 2000	Schweich, Jr. et al.	600/16
6165121	Cardiac reinforcement device	December, 2000	Alferness	600/37
6165122	Cardiac reinforcement device	December, 2000	Alferness	600/37
6165183	Mitral and tricuspid valve repair	December, 2000	Kuehn et al.
6169922	Defibrillating cardiac jacket with interwoven electrode grids	January, 2001	Alferness et al.	607/5
6174279	Cardiac constraint with tension indicator	January, 2001	Girard	600/37
6174332	Annuloplasty ring with cut zone	January, 2001	Loch et al.
6179791	Device for heart measurement	January, 2001	Krueger	600/587
6182664	Minimally invasive cardiac valve surgery procedure	February, 2001	Cosgrove
6183411	External stress reduction device and method	February, 2001	Mortier et al.
6183512	Flexible annuloplasty system	February, 2001	Howanec, Jr. et al.
6190408	Device and method for restructuring the heart chamber geometry	February, 2001	Melvin	623/3.1
6193648	Cardiac constraint with draw string tensioning	February, 2001	Krueger	600/37
6197053	Bioprosthetic heart valve implantation device	March, 2001	Cosgrove et al.
6206004	Treatment method via the pericardial space	March, 2001	Schmidt et al.
6206820	Device for supporting cardiac function having elastic filling chambers	March, 2001	Kazi et al.
6210432	Device and method for treatment of mitral insufficiency	April, 2001	Solem et al.
6217610	Expandable annuloplasty ring	April, 2001	Carpentier et al.
6221013	Systems for recording use of structures deployed in association with heart tissue	April, 2001	Panescu et al.
6221103	Device and method for restructuring heart chamber geometry	April, 2001	Melvin
6221104	Anterior and interior segment cardiac restoration apparatus and method	April, 2001	Buckberg et al.
6224540	Passive girdle for heart ventricle for therapeutic aid to patients having ventricular dilatation	May, 2001	Lederman et al.
6230714	Cardiac constraint with prior venus occlusion methods	May, 2001	Alferness et al.
6231561	Method and apparatus for closing a body lumen	May, 2001	Frazier et al.
6231602	Aortic annuloplasty ring	May, 2001	Carpentier et al.
6238334	Method and apparatus for assisting a heart to pump blood	May, 2001	Easterbrook, III et al.
6241654	Cardiac reinforcement devices and methods	June, 2001	Alferness
6245102	Stent, stent graft and stent valve	June, 2001	Jayaraman
6245105	Method of testing bioprosthetic heart valve leaflets	June, 2001	Nguyen et al.
6250308	Mitral valve annuloplasty ring and method of implanting	June, 2001	Cox
6251061	Cardiac assist device using field controlled fluid	June, 2001	Hastings et al.
6258021	Intrapericardial assist method	July, 2001	Wilk
6258023	Device and method for isolating a surface of a beating heart during surgery	July, 2001	Rogers et al.
6260552	Transventricular implant tools and devices	July, 2001	Mortier et al.
6260820	Valve with rotatable valve member and method for forming same	July, 2001	Chowdhury
6261222	Heart wall tension reduction apparatus and method	July, 2001	Schweich, Jr. et al.
6264602	Stress reduction apparatus and method	July, 2001	Mortier et al.
6269819	Method and apparatus for circulatory valve repair	August, 2001	Oz et al.
6283993	Annuloplasty ring delivery system	September, 2001	Cosgrove et al.
6290674	Method and apparatus for closing intracardiac septal defects	September, 2001	Roue et al.
6309370	Intracardiac drug delivery	October, 2001	Haim et al.
6312447	Devices and methods for percutaneous mitral valve repair	November, 2001	Grimes
6314322	System and method for treating dilated cardiomyopathy using end diastolic volume (EDV) sensing	November, 2001	Rosenberg
6328727	Transluminal anastomosis method and apparatus	December, 2001	Frazier et al.
6331157	Apparatus and methods for off-pump cardiac surgery	December, 2001	Hancock
6332863	Heart wall tension reduction kit	December, 2001	Schweich, Jr. et al.
6332864	Heart wall tension reduction apparatus	December, 2001	Schweich, Jr. et al.
6332893	Valve to myocardium tension members device and method	December, 2001	Mortier et al.
6338712	Device to permit offpump beating heart coronary bypass surgery	January, 2002	Spence et al.
6360749	Modification of properties and geometry of heart tissue to influence heart function	March, 2002	Jayaraman
6370429	Defibrillating cardiac constraint	April, 2002	Alferness et al.
6375608	Cardiac reinforcement device	April, 2002	Alferness
6379366	Devices for installing stasis reducing means in body tissue	April, 2002	Fleischman et al.
6402679	External stress reduction device and method	June, 2002	Mortier et al.
6402680	Stress reduction apparatus and method	June, 2002	Mortier et al.
6406420	Methods and devices for improving cardiac function in hearts	June, 2002	McCarthy et al.
6409760	Device and method for restructuring heart chamber geometry	June, 2002	Melvin
6416459	Bag for at least partially enveloping a heart	July, 2002	Haindl
6419669	Method and apparatus for patching a tissue opening	July, 2002	Frazier et al.
6432039	Methods and apparatus for reinforcement of the heart ventricles	August, 2002	Wardle
6432059	Method and apparatus for more precisely determined mean left atrial pressure	August, 2002	Hickey
6436088	Method and apparatus for closing a subcutaneous tissue opening	August, 2002	Frazier et al.
6439237	Anterior segment coronary restoration apparatus and method	August, 2002	Buckberg et al.
6443949	Method of drug delivery to interstitial regions of the myocardium	September, 2002	Altman
6450171	Anterior and inferior segment ventricular restoration apparatus and method	September, 2002	Buckberg et al.
6458100	Atrial septal defect closure catheter	October, 2002	Roue et al.
6461366	Surgical device for connecting soft tissue	October, 2002	Seguin
6478729	Device and method for isolating a surface of a beating heart during surgery	November, 2002	Rogers et al.
6494825	System for stress relieving the heart muscle and for controlling heart function	December, 2002	Talpade
6508756	Passive cardiac assistance device	January, 2003	Kung et al.
6511426	Medical diagnostic ultrasound system and method for versatile processing	January, 2003	Hossack et al.
6514194	Heart wall tension reduction apparatus and method	February, 2003	Schweich, Jr. et al.
6520904	Device and method for restructuring heart chamber geometry	February, 2003	Melvin
6537203	Cardiac disease treatment and device	March, 2003	Alferness et al.
6544167	Ventricular restoration patch	April, 2003	Buckberg et al.
6544180	Blood flow meter apparatus and method of use	April, 2003	Doten et al.
6547821	Surgical procedures and devices for increasing cardiac output of the heart	April, 2003	Taylor et al.
6572529	Intrapericardial assist method	June, 2003	Wilk
6582355	Cardiac disease treatment method	June, 2003	Alferness et al.
6587734	Cardio therapeutic heart sack	July, 2003	Okuzumi
6589160	Heart wall tension reduction apparatus	July, 2003	Schweich, Jr. et al.
6592619	Heart wall actuation device for the natural heart	July, 2003	Melvin
6626821	Flow-balanced cardiac wrap	September, 2003	Kung et al.
6626930	Minimally invasive mitral valve repair method and apparatus	September, 2003	Allen et al.
6629534	Methods and apparatus for cardiac valve repair	October, 2003	St. Goar et al.
6629921	Heart wall tension reduction apparatus and method	October, 2003	Schweich, Jr. et al.
6645139	Bag for at least partially enveloping a heart	November, 2003	Haindl
6651671	Lens-invasive devices and methods for cardiac valve surgery	November, 2003	Donlon et al.
6673009	Adjustment clamp	January, 2004	Vanden Hoek et al.
6676702	Mitral valve therapy assembly and method	January, 2004	Mathis
6681773	Kit and method for use during ventricular restoration	January, 2004	Murphy et al.
6682474	Expandable cardiac harness for treating congestive heart failure	January, 2004	Lau et al.
6682475	Tension indicator for cardiac support device and method therefore	January, 2004	Cox et al.
6682476	Cardiac disease treatment and device	January, 2004	Alferness et al.
6685627	Modification of properties and geometry of heart tissue to influence heart function	February, 2004	Jayaraman
6685646	Measurement of volumetric fluid flow and its velocity profile	February, 2004	Cespedes et al.
6689048	Delivery of cardiac constraint jacket	February, 2004	Vanden Hoek et al.
6695768	Adjustable periventricular ring/ring like device/method for control of ischemic mitral regurgitation and congestive heart disease	February, 2004	Levine et al.
6695866	Mitral and tricuspid valve repair	February, 2004	Kuehn et al.
6701929	Device and method for treatment of congestive heart failure	March, 2004	Hussein
6702732	Expandable cardiac harness for treating congestive heart failure	March, 2004	Lau et al.
6702763	Sizing apparatus and method for use during ventricular restoration	March, 2004	Murphy et al.
6702826	Automated annular plication for mitral valve repair	March, 2004	Liddicoat et al.
6706065	Endoluminal ventricular retention	March, 2004	Langberg et al.
6709456	Percutaneous mitral annuloplasty with hemodynamic monitoring	March, 2004	Langberg et al.
6712804	Method of closing an opening in a wall of the heart	March, 2004	Roue et al.
6716158	Method and apparatus for external stabilization of the heart	April, 2004	Raman et al.
6719767	Device and a method for treatment of atrioventricular regurgitation	April, 2004	Kimblad
6723038	Methods and devices for improving mitral valve function	April, 2004	Schroeder et al.	600/16
6726716	Self-molding annuloplasty ring	April, 2004	Marquez
6726717	Annular prosthesis for mitral valve	April, 2004	Alfieri et al.
6730016	Cardiac disease treatment and device	May, 2004	Cox et al.
6733525	Rolled minimally-invasive heart valves and methods of use	May, 2004	Yang et al.
6740107	Device for treatment of atrioventricular valve regurgitation	May, 2004	Loeb et al.
6752813	Methods and devices for capturing and fixing leaflets in valve repair	June, 2004	Goldfarb et al.
6755777	Heart wall tension reduction apparatus and method	June, 2004	Schweich, Jr. et al.
6755779	Apparatus and method for delivery of cardiac constraint jacket	June, 2004	Vanden Hoek et al.
6767362	Minimally-invasive heart valves and methods of use	July, 2004	Schreck
6769434	Method and apparatus for performing a procedure on a cardiac valve	August, 2004	Liddicoat et al.
6776754	Method for closing off lower portion of heart ventricle	August, 2004	Wilk
6790231	Apparatus and method for reducing mitral regurgitation	September, 2004	Liddicoat et al.
6793673	System and method to effect mitral valve annulus of a heart	September, 2004	Kowalsky et al.
6797001	Device, assembly and method for mitral valve repair	September, 2004	Mathis et al.
6800090	Mitral valve therapy device, system and method	October, 2004	Alferness et al.
6814700	Soft tissue retractor and method for providing surgical access	November, 2004	Mueller et al.
6837247	Method of using ventricular restoration patch	January, 2005	Buckberg et al.
6875224	Devices and methods for percutaneous mitral valve repair	April, 2005	Grimes
6876887	Cardio therapeutic heart sack	April, 2005	Okuzumi
6893392	Cardiac reinforcement device	May, 2005	Alferness
6896652	Cardiac disease treatment and device	May, 2005	Alferness et al.
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20040039443	Method and device for treatment of mitral insufficiency	February, 2004	Solem et al.
20040044365	Single catheter mitral valve repair device and method for use	March, 2004	Bachman
20040049115	System and method for facilitating cardiac intervention	March, 2004	Murphy et al.
20040049116	System and method for facilitating cardiac intervention	March, 2004	Murphy et al.
20040059180	Basal mounting cushion frame component to facilitate extrinsic heart wall actuation	March, 2004	Melvin
20040059181	Cardiac reinforcement device	March, 2004	Alferness
20040059182	Cardiac reinforcement device	March, 2004	Alferness
20040059187	Cardiac reinforcement device	March, 2004	Alferness
20040059188	Cardiac reinforcement device	March, 2004	Alferness
20040059189	Cardiac reinforcement device	March, 2004	Alferness
20040059351	Methods and apparatus for atrioventricular valve repair	March, 2004	Eigler et al.
20040064014	Devices and methods for assisting natural heart function	April, 2004	Melvin et al.
20040073302	Method and apparatus for improving mitral valve function	April, 2004	Rourke et al.
20040092962	Multi-catheter steerable guiding system and methods of use	May, 2004	Thornton et al.
20040093023	Minimally invasive mitral valve repair method and apparatus	May, 2004	Allen et al.
20040098116	Valve annulus constriction apparatus and method	May, 2004	Callas et al.
20040102678	Bag for at least partially enveloping a heart	May, 2004	Haindl
20040102679	Cardiac disease treatment and device	May, 2004	Alferness et al.
20040102839	Method and apparatus for improving mitral valve function	May, 2004	Cohn et al.
20040102840	Method and device for treatment of mitral insufficiency	May, 2004	Solem et al.
20040111095	Medical device delivery system	June, 2004	Gordon et al.
20040111101	Endoscopic subxiphoid surgical procedures	June, 2004	Chin
20040122448	Cardiac devices and methods for percutaneous repair of atrioventricular valves	June, 2004	Levine
20040122512	Method and apparatus for replacing a mitral valve with a stentless bioprosthetic valve	June, 2004	Navia et al.
20040122513	Method and apparatus for replacing a mitral valve with a stentless bioprosthetic valve having chordae	June, 2004	Navia et al.
20040127980	SYSTEM AND METHOD TO EFFECT THE MITRAL VALVE ANNULUS OF A HEART	July, 2004	Kowalsky et al.
20040127981	Devices, systems, and methods for retaining a native heart valve leaflet	July, 2004	Rahdert et al.
20040127982	Devices, systems, and methods for reshaping a heart valve annulus	July, 2004	Machold et al.
20040133062	Minimally invasive cardiac force transfer structures	July, 2004	Pai et al.
20040133069	Cardiac disease treatment and device	July, 2004	Shapland et al.
20040133220	Adjustable transluminal annuloplasty system	July, 2004	Lashinski et al.
20040133240	Electrotherapy system, device, and method for treatment of cardiac valve dysfunction	July, 2004	Adams et al.
20040133273	Apparatuses and methods for heart valve repair	July, 2004	Cox
20040138526	METHODS AND TOOLS FOR ACCESSING AN ANATOMIC SPACE	July, 2004	Guenst
20040138744	Transluminal mitral annuloplasty with active anchoring	July, 2004	Lashinski et al.
20040143323	Valve repair device	July, 2004	Chawla
20040148019	Devices and methods for heart valve treatment	July, 2004	Vidlund et al.
20040148020	Devices and methods for heart valve treatment	July, 2004	Vidlund et al.
20040152947	Methods and devices for improving mitral valve function	August, 2004	Schroeder et al.
20040158123	Modification of properties and geometry of heart tissue to influence function	August, 2004	Reuter
20040158321	Method of implanting a mitral valve therapy device	August, 2004	Reuter et al.
20040162610	Mitral and tricuspid vlave repair	August, 2004	Liska et al.
20040167374	Heart wall tension reduction apparatus and method	August, 2004	Schweich et al.
20040167539	Mitral and tricuspid valve repair	August, 2004	Kuehn et al.
20040171907	Cardiac disease treatment and device	September, 2004	Alferness et al.
20040171908	Cardiac disease treatment and device	September, 2004	Alferness et al.
20040171909	Cardiac reinforcement device	September, 2004	Alferness
20040172046	Method and apparatus for performing catheter-based annuloplasty using local plications	September, 2004	Hlavka et al.
20040176678	System and method for facilitating cardiac intervention	September, 2004	Murphy et al.
20040176679	System and method for facilitating cardiac intervention	September, 2004	Murphy et al.
20040176840	Percutaneous mitral annuloplasty with hemodynamic monitoring	September, 2004	Langberg et al.
20040181121	Cardiac disease treatment and device	September, 2004	Alferness et al.
20040181122	Cardiac disease treatment and device	September, 2004	Alferness et al.
20040181123	Cardiac disease treatment and device	September, 2004	Alferness et al.
20040181124	Cardiac reinforcement device	September, 2004	Alferness
20040181125	Cardiac disease treatment and device	September, 2004	Alferness et al.
20040181126	Anterior and inferior segment ventricular restoration apparatus and method	September, 2004	Buckberg et al.
20040181238	Mitral valve repair system and method for use	September, 2004	Zarbatany et al.
20040186342	Delivery of cardiac constraint jacket	September, 2004	Vanden Hock et al.
20040186566	Body tissue remodeling methods and apparatus	September, 2004	Hindrichs et al.
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DE3614292	November, 1987
DE4234127	May, 1994
DE29619294	August, 1997
DE29824017	June, 1998
DE19826675	March, 1999
DE19947885	April, 2000
EP0583012	February, 1994			Ventricular assist device.
EP0792621	September, 1997			Cannulated clamp
EP0820729	January, 1998			Intravascular occlusion removal device
FR2768324	March, 1999
WO/1991/019465	December, 1991			MITRAL HEART VALVE REPLACEMENTS
WO/1995/006447	March, 1995			IMPROVED DEVICE FOR TISSUE REPAIR AND METHOD FOR EMPLOYING SAME
WO/1995/016476	June, 1995			SYSTEM FOR CARDIAC PROCEDURES
WO/1995/016407	June, 1995			AORTIC VALVE SUPPORTING DEVICE
WO/1996/004852	February, 1996			APPARATUS FOR REDUCING CIRCUMFERENCE OF VASCULAR STRUCTURE
WO/1996/002197	February, 1996			INSTRUMENT FOR GYNAECOLOGICAL SURGERY IN WOMEN
WO/1996/040356	December, 1996			ATRIAL APPENDAGE STASIS REDUCTION PROCEDURES AND DEVICES
WO/1997/014286	April, 1997			DEVICE FOR SUPPORTING CARDIAC FUNCTION WITH ELASTIC FILLING CHAMBERS
WO/1997/024082	July, 1997			HEART VALVE REPLACEMENT USING FLEXIBLE TUBES
WO/1997/024101	July, 1997			ACTIVATION DEVICE FOR THE NATURAL HEART AND METHOD OF DOING THE SAME
WO/1997/024083	July, 1997			METHOD OF REPLACING HEART VALVES USING FLEXIBLE TUBES
WO/1998/003213	January, 1998			MINIMALLY-INVASIVE DEVICES AND METHODS FOR TREATMENT OF CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
WO/1998/014136	April, 1998			HEART VOLUME LIMITING DEVICE
WO/1998/017347	April, 1998			METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ASSISTING A HEART
WO/1998/018393	May, 1998			DEVICE FOR THE TREATMENT OF PATENT DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS AND METHOD OF USING THE DEVICE
WO/1998/026738	June, 1998			DEVICE FOR THE TREATMENT OF INFARCTED TISSUE AND METHOD OF USING THE DEVICE
WO/1998/029041	July, 1998			HEART WALL TENSION REDUCTION APPARATUS AND METHOD
WO/1998/032382	July, 1998			DEVICE FOR THE TREATMENT OF DAMAGED HEART VALVE LEAFLETS AND METHOD OF USING THE DEVICE
WO/1998/044969	October, 1998			DRIVE SYSTEM FOR CONTROLLING CARDIAC COMPRESSION
WO/1998/058598	December, 1998			BAG FOR AT LEAST PARTIALLY ENVELOPING A HEART
WO/1999/000059	January, 1999			METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CIRCULATORY VALVE REPAIR
WO/1999/011201	March, 1999			ARTIFICIAL CHORDAE REPLACEMENT
WO/1999/013777	March, 1999			SURGICAL INSTRUMENT FOR FIXING SOFT TISSUE
WO/1999/016350	April, 1999			SYSTEMS FOR RECORDING THE USE OF CARDIAC DEVICES
WO/1999/022784	May, 1999			METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ASSISTING A HEART TO PUMP BLOOD
WO/1999/030647	June, 1999			VALVE TO MYOCARDIUM TENSION MEMBERS DEVICE AND METHOD
WO/1999/044534	September, 1999			DEVICE AND METHOD FOR RESTRUCTURING HEART CHAMBER GEOMETRY
WO/1999/044680	September, 1999			CONTROLLING CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
WO/1999/044969	September, 1999			METHODS FOR HIGHLY SELECTIVELY O-ALKYLATING AMIDE COMPOUNDS WITH THE USE OF COPPER SALTS
WO/1999/052470	October, 1999			CARDIAC REMODELING AND REINFORCEMENT DEVICE
WO/1999/053977	October, 1999			SYSTEM FOR STRESS RELIEVING THE HEART MUSCLE AND FOR CONTROLLING HEART FUNCTION
WO/1999/056655	November, 1999			ANTERIOR SEGMENT CORONARY RESTORATION APPARATUS AND METHOD
WO/1999/066969	December, 1999			HIGH-PRESSURE DRIVE SYSTEM
WO/2000/002500	January, 2000			CARDIAC DISEASE TREATMENT DEVICE AND METHOD
WO/2000/003759	January, 2000			MITRAL AND TRICUSPID VALVE REPAIR
WO/2000/006026	February, 2000			HEART WALL TENSION REDUCTION APPARATUS AND METHOD
WO/2000/006028	February, 2000			TRANSVENTRICULAR IMPLANT TOOLS AND DEVICES
WO/2000/013722	March, 2000			CARDIAC ASSIST DEVICE USING FLUID
WO/2000/018320	April, 2000			DEVICE AND METHOD FOR RESTRUCTURING HEART CHAMBER GEOMETRY
WO/2000/027304	May, 2000			SUSPENSION DEVICE FOR TREATING PROLAPSUS AND URINARY INCONTINENCE
WO/2000/028912	May, 2000			CARDIAC CONSTRAINT WITH PRIOR VENUS OCCLUSION
WO/2000/028918	May, 2000			DEFIBRILLATING CARDIAC CONSTRAINT
WO/2000/025842	May, 2000			VENTRICULAR ASSIST DEVICE WITH PRE-FORMED INFLATION BLADDER
WO/2000/025853	May, 2000			CARDIAC ASSIST SYSTEM AND METHOD THEREOF
WO/2000/036995	June, 2000			METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF THE HEART VENTRICLES
WO/2000/042919	July, 2000			ANTERIOR AND INFERIOR SEGMENT CARDIAC RESTORATION APPARATUS AND METHOD
WO/2000/042951	July, 2000			ANATOMICAL ORIFICE SIZERS AND METHODS OF ORIFICE SIZING
WO/2000/042950	July, 2000			FLEXIBLE HEART VALVE
WO/2000/045735	August, 2000			CARDIAC CONSTRAINT JACKET CONSTRUCTION
WO/2000/061033	October, 2000			FLEXIBLE PROSTHESIS IN PARTICULAR FOR CURING HERNIAS BY THE CELIOSCOPIC PATH
WO/2000/062727	October, 2000			DEVICE FOR SHAPING INFARCTED HEART TISSUE AND METHOD OF USING THE DEVICE
WO/2000/060995	October, 2000			METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR CARDIAC VALVE REPAIR
WO/2000/062715	October, 2000			AORTIC ANNULOPLASTY RING
WO/2001/003608	January, 2001			CARDIAC REINFORCEMENT DEVICES AND METHODS
WO/2001/000111	January, 2001			DEVICE AND METHOD FOR TREATMENT OF MITRAL INSUFFICIENCY
WO/2001/019291	March, 2001			METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING VALVE ANNULUSES DURING HEART VALVE-REPLACEMENT SURGERY
WO/2001/021070	March, 2001			DEVICE FOR HEART MEASUREMENT
WO/2001/021098	March, 2001			CARDIAC CONSTRAINT WITH DRAW STRING TENSIONING
WO/2001/021099	March, 2001			CARDIAC CONSTRAINT WITH TENSION INDICATOR
WO/2001/019292	March, 2001			MITRAL VALVE ANNULOPLASTY RING AND METHOD
WO/2001/021247	March, 2001			METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CLOSING A BODY LUMEN
WO/2001/028432	April, 2001			MINIMALLY INVASIVE MITRAL VALVE REPAIR METHOD AND APPARATUS
WO/2001/026557	April, 2001			DEVICES AND METHODS FOR PERCUTANEOUS MITRAL VALVE REPAIR
WO/2001/050981	July, 2001			DELIVERY OF CARDIAC CONSTRAINT JACKET

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Jastrzab, Jeffrey R.

Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner, L.L.P.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/422,328, filed Oct. 21, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,420, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 09/124,286, filed Jul. 29, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,045,497, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/933,456, filed Sep. 18, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,961,440, which is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No. 08/778,277, filed Jan. 2, 1997, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,050,936, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

What is claimed is:

1. A method of treating a heart valve, the method comprising: providing a device having an elongate member, the elongate member having a first end and a second end; positioning the elongate member transverse a heart chamber associated with the heart valve so as to reposition at least one leaflet associated with the heart valve, wherein, when the elongate member is positioned transverse the heart chamber, the elongate member does not contact each of papillary muscles, leaflets, and an annulus associated with the heart valve; and wherein the entire device is positioned solely above an apex of the heart and below an annulus associated with the heart valve.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising fixing the elongate member in position transverse the heart chamber.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein fixing the elongate member in position includes fixing the elongate member via at least one anchoring mechanism configured to be secured to a wall surrounding the heart chamber.

4. The method of claim 3, wherein the anchoring mechanism is configured to be secured to an exterior surface of the wall.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein an anchoring mechanism is provided on each of the first end and the second end of the elongate member and fixing the elongate member in position includes securing the anchoring mechanisms to portions of a wall surrounding the heart chamber.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein positioning the elongate member includes positioning the elongate member transverse a left ventricle of the heart.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the valve is a mitral valve.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein positioning the elongate member transverse the heart chamber includes positioning the elongate member so as to avoid internal structures of the heart chamber.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein providing the elongate member includes providing a tension member.

10. The method of claim 1, further comprising reducing a radius of curvature in at least a region of the heart chamber.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein reducing the radius of curvature in at least a region of the heart chamber includes reducing the radius of curvature at one of an aneurysmal and an infracted region of a wall surrounding the heart chamber.

12. A method of treating a heart valve, the method comprising: providing a device configured to be implanted proximate the heart valve; implanting the device such that a first portion of the device is positioned external to a heart chamber associated with the valve and closer to a first leaflet of the valve than to a second leaflet of the valve and such that a second portion of the device is positioned external to the heart chamber associated with the valve and closer to the second leaflet of the valve than the first leaflet of the valve; and repositioning at least one of the first leaflet and the second leaflet of the valve, wherein, when the device is implanted, the device does not contact each of papillary muscles, leaflets, and an annulus associated with the valve, and wherein the entire device is implanted solely above an apex of the heart and below an annulus associated with the heart valve.

13. The method of claim 12, further comprising drawing the first and second leaflets toward each other.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein the valve is a mitral valve.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein implanting the device includes implanting the device such that the first portion contacts a wall of the heart.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein implanting the device includes implanting the device such that the second portion contacts a wall of the heart.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the wall surrounds a left ventricle of the heart.

18. The method of claim 16, wherein implanting the device includes implanting the device such that the second portion contacts an exterior surface of the wall of the heart.

19. The method of claim 15, wherein implanting the device includes implanting the device such that the first portion contacts an exterior surface of the wall of the heart.

20. The method of claim 12, wherein providing the device includes providing an elongate member.

21. The method of claim 20, wherein providing the elongate member includes providing a tension member configured to extend transverse a chamber of the heart.

22. The method of claim 20, wherein the elongate member has a first end and a second end and providing the device further includes providing an anchoring mechanism on each of the first end and the second end.

23. The method of claim 22, wherein implanting the device further comprises engaging the anchoring mechanisms with a wall of the heart.

24. The method of claim 22, wherein the first portion and the second portion of the device include the anchoring mechanisms.

25. A method of treating a heart valve having a first leaflet and a second leaflet, the method comprising: providing a device configured to be implanted proximate the heart valve; implanting the device such that a first portion of the device contacts heart structure located on a first side of a line defined by an intersection of the first leaflet and the second leaflet and such that a second portion of the device contacts heart structure located on a second side of the line opposite the first side; and repositioning at least one of the first leaflet and the second leaflet of the valve, wherein, when the device is implanted, the device does not contact each of papillary muscles, lealflets, and an annulus associated with the valve, and wherein the entire device is implanted solely above an apex of the heart and below an annulus associated with the heart valve.

26. The method of claim 25, further comprising drawing the first leaflet and the second leaflet toward each other.

27. The method of claim 25, wherein the valve is a mitral valve.

28. The method of claim 25, wherein implanting the device includes implanting the device such that the first portion contacts a wall of the heart.

29. The method of claim 28, wherein implanting the device includes implanting the device such that the second portion contacts a wall of the heart.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the wall surrounds a left ventricle of the heart.

31. The method of claim 29, wherein implanting the device includes implanting the device such that the second portion contacts an exterior surface of the wall of the heart.

32. The method of claim 28, wherein implanting the device includes implanting the device such that the first portion contacts an exterior surface of the wall of the heart.

33. The method of claim 25, wherein providing the device includes providing an elongate member.

34. The method of claim 33, wherein providing the elongate member includes providing a tension member configured to extend transverse a chamber of the heart.

35. The method of claim 33, wherein the elongate member has a first end and a second end and providing the device further includes providing an anchoring mechanism on each of the first end and the second end.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein implanting the device further comprises engaging the anchoring mechanisms with a wall of the heart.

37. The method of claim 35, wherein the first portion and the second portion of the device include the anchoring mechanisms.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention pertains to the field of apparatus for treatment of a failing heart. In particular, the apparatus and its related methods of the present invention is directed toward reducing the wall stress in the failing heart. The present invention further includes methods and devices for improving cardiac function in hearts having discrete zones of infarcted tissue. Such methods and devices reduce the radius of curvature and/or alter the geometry or shape of the infarcted tissue and adjacent regions to thereby reduce wall stress on the heart and improve the heart's pumping performance.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The syndrome of heart failure is a common course for the progression of many forms of heart disease. Heart failure may be considered to be the condition in which an abnormality of cardiac function is responsible for the inability of the heart to pump blood at a rate commensurate with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues, or can do so only at an abnormally elevated filling pressure. There are many specific disease processes that can lead to heart failure. Typically these processes result in dilatation of the left ventricular chamber. Etiologies that can lead to this form of failure include idiopathic, valvular, viral, and ischemic cardiomyopathies.

The process of ventricular dilatation is generally the result of chronic volume overload or specific damage to the myocardium. In a normal heart that is exposed to long term increased cardiac output requirements, for example, that of an athlete, there is an adaptive process of slight ventricular dilation and muscle myocyte hypertrophy. In this way, the heart fully compensates for the increased cardiac output requirements. With damage to the myocardium or chronic volume overload, however, there are increased requirements put on the contracting myocardium to such a level that this compensated state is never achieved and the heart continues to dilate.

The basic problem with a large dilated left ventricle is that there is a significant increase in wall tension and/or stress both during diastolic filling and during systolic contraction. In a normal heart, the adaptation of muscle hypertrophy (thickening) and ventricular dilatation maintain a fairly constant wall tension for systolic contraction. However, in a failing heart, the ongoing dilatation is greater than the hypertrophy and the result is a rising wall tension requirement for systolic contraction. This is felt to be an ongoing insult to the muscle myocyte resulting in further muscle damage. The increase in wall stress is also true for diastolic filling. Additionally, because of the lack of cardiac output, there is generally a rise in ventricular filling pressure from several physiologic mechanisms. Moreover, in diastole there is both a diameter increase and a pressure increase over normal, both contributing to higher wall stress levels. The increase in diastolic wall stress is felt to be the primary contributor to ongoing dilatation of the chamber.

Prior treatments for heart failure associated with such dilatation fall into three general categories. The first being pharmacological, for example, diuretics and ACE inhibitors. The second being assist systems, for example, pumps. Finally, surgical treatments have been experimented with, which are described in more detail below.

With respect to pharmacological treatments, diuretics have been used to reduce the workload of the heart by reducing blood volume and preload. Clinically, preload is defined in several ways including left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP), or indirectly by left ventricular end diastolic volume (LVEDV). Physiologically, the preferred definition is the length of stretch of the sarcomere at end diastole. Diuretics reduce extra cellular fluid which builds in congestive heart failure patients increasing preload conditions. Nitrates, arteriolar vasodilators, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have been used to treat heart failure through the reduction of cardiac workload by reducing afterload. Afterload may be defined as the tension or stress required in the wall of the ventricle during ejection. Inotropes function to increase cardiac output by increasing the force and speed of cardiac muscle contraction. These drug therapies offer some beneficial effects but do not stop the progression of the disease.

Assist devices include mechanical pumps. Mechanical pumps reduce the load on the heart by performing all or part of the pumping function normally done by the heart. Currently, mechanical pumps are used to sustain the patient while a donor heart for transplantation becomes available for the patient.

There are at least four surgical procedures for treatment of heart failure associated with dilatation: 1) heart transplantation; 2) dynamic cardiomyoplasty; 3) the Batista partial left ventriculectomy; and 4) the Jatene and Dor procedures for ischemic cardiomyopathy, discussed in more detail below. Heart transplantation has serious limitations including restricted availability of organs and adverse effects of immunosuppressive therapies required following heart transplantation. Cardiomyoplasty involves wrapping the heart with skeletal muscle and electrically stimulating the muscle to contract synchronously with the heart in order to help the pumping function of the heart. The Batista partial left ventriculectomy surgically remodels the left ventricle by removing a segment of the muscular wall. This procedure reduces the diameter of the dilated heart, which in turn reduces the loading of the heart. However, this extremely invasive procedure reduces muscle mass of the heart.

One form of heart failure, ischemic cardiomyopathy, results from the formation of one or more zones of ischemia, or infarction, of the myocardium. Infarction occurs when blood supply to the heart tissue has been obstructed resulting in a region of tissue that loses its ability to contract (referred to as infarcted tissue). The presence of infarcted tissue may lead to three conditions in the heart causing cardiac malfunction. These conditions are ventricular aneurysms (ventricular dyskinesia), non-aneurysmal ischemic or infarcted myocardium (ventricular akinesia), and mitral regurgitation.

Ventricular aneurysms typically result from a transmural myocardial infarction, frequently due to the occlusion of the left anterior descending artery (LAD). This results in a transmural infarcted region of the apical portion of the left ventricle and anterior septal. A ventricular aneurysm is formed when the infarction weakens the heart wall to such an extent that the tissue stretches and thins, causing the left ventricular wall to expand during systole (dyskinesia). FIG. 55 illustrates a ventricular aneurysm A occurring in the apical region of left ventricle LV. As shown by the shaded region in FIG. 55, aneurysm A includes infarcted tissue 24 that results in a reduced wall thickness when compared to adjacent non-infarcted wall regions, as shown by the unshaded regions in FIG. 55. FIG. 55 also shows the septal wall S partially infarcted, again shown by the shaded region. The ventricular aneurysm also may be dyskinetic, meaning that when the ventricle contracts, the aneurysm further dilates, or bulges, outward. The infarcted region of the septal wall S also may be particularly dyskinetic, especially in the case of the infarcted tissue having progressed to an aneurysm.

The bulge resulting from an aneurysm can have several serious effects on the heart and its performance that can lead to in both morbidity and mortality. For example, because the bulge creates a geometric abnormality as well as a region of non-contracting tissue, thrombosis is more likely to occur in that region. Thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot, or thrombus, that can cause other medical complications, such as a stroke. An ischemic stroke is a blockage of blood flow to the brain that occurs when the thrombus breaks free and is ejected out of the ventricle.

Another serious effect this bulging can have is the denigration of the heart's pumping function. The aneurysmal bulge creates problems with pumping function in at least three ways. First, the infarcted tissue does not contribute to the pumping of the ventricle because it does not contract (akinesia). To account for this loss of pumping, remaining portions of the ventricle wall may contract more to maintain cardiac output. If the infarcted region thins and progresses to an aneurysm (dyskinesia), this effect is further exacerbated by the aneurysm expanding with a portion of the blood from the ventricular contraction. This further increases the contractile requirement of the remaining functional myocardium.

Second, the aneurysmal bulge alters the geometry of the entire ventricular chamber. Thus the ventricle develops a larger radius of curvature, which directly applies more tension to the heart wall, as characterized by LaPlace's law.

Third, over time, the above two conditions lead the functional muscle of the ventricle to work harder than normal. This can lead to continued dilatation of the ventricle, increasing tension in the walls of the heart, with increased myocardial oxygen requirement and further progressing heart failure.

Non-aneurysmal ischemic or infarcted myocardium (akinesia) occurs when a major coronary artery is occluded and results in infarction in the myocardial tissue, but without a bulging aneurysm. In a manner similar to an aneurysm, the akinetic ischemic or infarcted zone ceases to participate in the ventricular contraction. This results in the functioning, contractile myocardium needing to contract more to make up for the lack of contraction of the akinetic zone. Typically, the result is the entire ventricle increasing in size, which increases wall stress. Again, since the functioning myocardium must work harder, continuing progression of heart failure can occur.

Mitral regurgitation also may result from infarcted tissue, depending on the region of the ventricle that has become infarcted or aneurysmal and any subsequent overall ventricular dilation. Mitral regurgitation is a condition whereby blood leaks through the mitral valve due to an improper positioning of the valve structures that causes it not to close entirely. If the infarcted or aneurysmal region is located in the vicinity of the mitral valve, geometric abnormalities may cause the mitral valve to alter its normal position and dimension, and may lead to annular dilatation and the development of mitral regurgitation.

Typical treatments of infarcted tissue, and ventricular aneurysms in particular, include a variety of open surgical procedures. In the case of a ventricular aneurysm, traditionally, a “linear” aneurysmectomy is performed. This procedure involves the removal of aneurysmal portions of the anterior wall along with any thrombus that may exist. FIG. 41 illustrates the result of a conventional surgical method when an aneurysm occurs in the distal left ventricle. According to this method, the region of aneurysmal scar tissue that extends through the entire thickness of the chamber wall (transmural infarction) is removed by incision and the remaining border zone regions 24 ′ (i.e., regions where infarcted tissue meets non-infarcted muscle) are sewn together with a suture 27 . In a linear aneurysm repair procedure, the ventricular septal wall S that is infarcted is left untouched. Additionally, the septal wall generally remains untouched because simple excision and suturing does not involve excluding or cutting the septal wall. Usually, only those wall portions having infarcted tissue through their thickness (transmural infarcted) are removed while the portions having infarcted tissue only on an inner wall (endocardial infarcted) are left in place. The term border zone refers to this region of endocardial infarction. This surgical procedure results in some infarcted tissue regions remaining in the heart chamber, particularly any infarcted tissue in the septal wall. The effects of the remaining non-contractile tissue stresses the remaining contractile tissue because this contractile tissue must “make up” for the non-contracting and often dyskinetic tissue. Over time, these effects can continue to lead to progression of heart failure.

These procedures have to be performed with the patient on cardiopulmonary bypass. The heart also may be stopped in order to perform the surgery. Any thrombus inside the ventricle is removed. Clinical results of this traditional surgical procedure have been mixed with respect to improvement in cardiac function.

Newer surgical approaches include the “Dor” and “Jatene” procedures. In the “Dor” procedure, the aneurysm is removed and an endocardial patch is placed to cover the dyskinetic septal wall portion of the aneurysm. In this manner, at least the portion of stroke volume “lost” to dyskinesia is restored. In the “Jatene” technique, a purse string suture is placed at the base of the aneurysm. The infarcted septal wall is circumferentially reduced by inbrication with sutures. The result is that most of the aneurysmal tissue is excluded from the ventricle. These procedures address the infarcted septal wall, generally left untouched in the traditional linear aneurysmectomy, by either exclusion or by the use of a surgical patch. These newer techniques are also used in cases of non-aneurysmal infarctions (akinesia). In these cases, the exclusion or elimination of the infarcted region reduces the size and therefore the radius of the chamber, thereby lowering wall stress.

These various described techniques for treating infarcted and aneurysmal tissue regions in the heart wall suffer from limitations and drawbacks. For insta