Carlson, William C. (Olympia, WA, US)
Heilesen, Mollie K. (Tacoma, WA, US)
Gaddis, Paul G. (Seattle, WA, US)

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10/985216

04/15/2008

11/09/2004

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Weyerhaeuser Co. (Federal Way, WA, US)

47/57.600

800/278, 504/100

A01C1/94; A01H1/00; C12N15/82; C12N15/87; A01N25/26

47/56.7, 504/100, 800/278

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4715143	Artificial seed coat for botanic seed analogs	December, 1987	Redenbaugh et al.
4769945	Delivery unit of plant tissue	September, 1988	Motoyama et al.
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5236469	Oxygenated analogs of botanic seed	August, 1993	Carlson et al.
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5258132	Wax-encapsulated particles	November, 1993	Kamel et al.
5284765	Method of directionally orienting plant embryos	February, 1994	Bryan et al.
5427593	Analogs of botanic seed	June, 1995	Carlson et al.
5451241	Oxygenated analogs of botanic seed	September, 1995	Cartson et al.
5464769	Desiccated conifer somatic embryos	November, 1995	Attree et al.
5529597	Plant activator and mycelial fertilizer and method	June, 1996	Iijima
5564224	Plant germinants produced from analogs of botanic seed	October, 1996	Carlson et al.
5565355	Growth medium	October, 1996	Smith
5666762	Respiration-limited manufactured seed	September, 1997	Carlson et al.
5680320	Method of quantifying performance chemicals in pulp and paper	October, 1997	Helmer et al.
5687504	Manufactured seed cotyledon restraint	November, 1997	Carlson et al.
5701699	Manufactured seed with enhanced pre-emergence survivability	December, 1997	Carlson et al.
5732505	Manufactured seed comprising desiccated and/or frozen plant tissue	March, 1998	Carlson et al.
5771632	Artificial seed with a powder structure for anti-contamination	June, 1998	Liu et al.
5784162	Spectral bio-imaging methods for biological research, medical diagnostics and therapy	July, 1998	Carib et al.
5799439	Protective enclosures for seeds	September, 1998	MacGregor
5821126	Method for clonal propagation of gymnosperms by somatic polyembryogenesis	October, 1998	Durzan et al.
5842150	Method of determing the organic content in pulp and paper mill effulents	November, 1998	Renberg et al.
5877850	Distance measuring apparatus	March, 1999	Ogata
5930803	Method, system, and computer program product for visualizing an evidence classifier	July, 1999	Becker et al.
5960435	Method, system, and computer program product for computing histogram aggregations	September, 1999	Rathmann et al.
6021220	System and method for pattern recognition	February, 2000	Anderholm
6092059	Automatic classifier for real time inspection and classification	July, 2000	Straforini et al.
6119395	End seals for manufacturing seed	September, 2000	Hartle et al.
6145247	Fluid switch	November, 2000	McKinnis
6470623	End seal for a manufactured seed and a method of manufacturing and attaching the same	October, 2002	Hirahara	47/57.6
6567538	Real time measurement system for seed cotton or lint	May, 2003	Pelletier
6582159	Upstream engaging fluid switch for serial conveying	June, 2003	McKinnis
20020192686	Method for epigenetic feature selection	December, 2002	Adorjan et al.
20030055615	System and methods for processing biological expression data	March, 2003	Zhang et al.

CA1241552	September, 1988
CA1250296	February, 1989
EP0107141	May, 1984			Method of vegetally propagating plants and analog to natural botanic seed for implementing said method
EP0300730	January, 1989			Process to induce desiccation tolerance in somatic embryos
EP0380692	August, 1990			PLANT TISSUE CULTURE PROCESS.
EP0776601	June, 1997			Seeds feeding tank of a gel coating apparatus
FR2680951	March, 1993
JP61040708	February, 1986
JP62275604	November, 1987
JP63133904	June, 1988
JP63152905	June, 1988
JP0246240	February, 1990
JP407179683	July, 1995
WO/1991/000781	January, 1991			PROCEDURE AND APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING SMALL BODIES FROM A LIQUID
WO/1991/001803	February, 1991			MULTILAYER GRANULES CONTAINING COATED ACTIVE SUBSTANCES, PRODUCTION METHOD, DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING SUCH METHOD AND UTILIZATION OF THE GRANULES OBTAINED
WO/1992/007457	May, 1992			ANALOGS OF BOTANIC SEED
WO/1995/005064	February, 1995			METHOD OF DIRECTIONALLY ORIENTING PLANT EMBRYOS
WO/1998/033375	August, 1998			END SEALS FOR MANUFACTURED SEED
WO/1999/026470	June, 1999			NUTRITIVE MEDIA AND MANUFACTURED SEEDS COMPRISING SAME

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Bell, Kent L.

Christensen O'Connor Johnson Kindness

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/529,133, filed Dec. 12, 2003.

The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows:

1. A manufactured seed, comprising: (a) a first seed shell; (b) a first restraint disposed within the first seed shell, the first restraint having a cavity; (c) at least two embryos disposed within the manufactured seed; and (d) a second seed shell coupled to the first seed shell, the second seed shell includes a second restraint having a cavity, wherein one of the at least two embryos is disposed within the cavity of the first restraint and a different one of the at least two embryos is disposed within the cavity of the second restraint.

2. The manufactured seed of claim 1, wherein the first and second seed shells are co-axially aligned.

3. The manufactured seed of claim 1, wherein the first and second seed shells are bonded together.

4. The manufactured seed of claim 1, further comprising third and fourth seed shells coupled to the first and second seed shells, the third and fourth seed shells each having a restraint and cavity.

5. A manufactured seed, comprising: (a) a seed shell having at least one restraint disposed within the seed shell; (b) at least two embryos disposed within the manufactured seed; and (c) a second restraint disposed within the seed shell.

6. The manufactured seed of claim 5, wherein the first and second restraints are disposed in opposite ends of the seed shell.

7. A manufactured seed, comprising: (a) a seed shell having at least one restraint disposed within the seed shell; (b) at least two embryos disposed within the manufactured seed; and (c) a second seed shell having a restraint disposed therein, the second seed shell bonded to the seed shell.

8. The manufactured seed of claim 7, wherein both seed shells are coaxially aligned and bonded such that the restraints of the first and second seed shells are disposed at opposite ends of the manufactured seed.

9. The manufactured seed of claim 8, wherein the seed shells are bonded by a wax.

10. A manufactured seed, comprising: (a) a seed shell having at least one restraint disposed within the seed shell, wherein the at least one restraint includes a plurality of cavities; and (b) at least two embryos disposed within the manufactured seed.

11. The manufactured seed of claim 10, wherein each one of the plurality of cavities is sized to receive at least one of the at least two embryos.

12. A manufactured seed, comprising: (a) a seed shell, (b) means for restraining at least two embryos within the manufactured seed; and (c) a second seed shell in communication with the seed shell.

13. The manufactured seed of claim 12, further comprising a second means for restraining at least one of the at least two embryos, the second means for restraining being disposed within the second seed shell.

14. A manufactured seed, comprising: (a) a first seed shell; (b) a first restraint disposed within the first seed shell, the first restraint having a cavity; (c) at least two embryos disposed within the manufactured seed; and (d) a second restraint having a cavity, the first and second restraints being disposed within opposite ends of the first seed shell.

15. A manufactured seed, comprising: (a) a seed shell having at least one restraint disposed within the seed shell; (b) at least two embryos disposed within the manufactured seed; and (c) a plurality of seed shells coupled together in a substantially cross-shaped configuration.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to artificial seeds and, more particularly, to multi-embryo manufactured seeds.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Asexual propagation of plants has been shown for some species to yield large numbers of genetically identical embryos, each having a capacity to develop into a normal plant. Such embryos are usually further cultured under laboratory conditions until they reach an autotrophic “seedling” state characterized by an ability to produce its own food via photosynthesis, resist desiccation, produce roots able to penetrate soil, and fend off soil microorganisms. Some researchers have experimented with the production of artificial seeds, known as manufactured seeds, in which individual plant somatic or zygotic embryos are encapsulated in a seed coat. Examples of such manufactured seeds are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,701,699, issued to Carlson et al., the disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference.

Typical manufactured seeds include a seed shell, synthetic gametophyte and a plant embryo. A manufactured seed that does not include the plant embryo is known in the art as a “seed blank.” The seed blank typically is a cylindrical capsule having a closed end and an open end. The synthetic gametophyte is placed within the seed shell to substantially fill the interior of the seed shell. A longitudinally extending hard porous insert, known as a cotyledon restraint, may be centrally located within one end of the seed shell, surrounded by the synthetic gametophyte, and includes a centrally located cavity extending partially through the length of the cotyledon restraint.

The cavity is sized to receive the plant embryo therein. The well-known plant embryo includes a radicle end and a cotyledon end. The plant embryo is deposited within the cavity of the cotyledon restraint, cotyledon end first. The plant embryo is then sealed within the seed blank by at least one end seal. There is a weakened spot in the end seal to allow the radicle end of the plant embryo to penetrate the end seal.

After a relatively large number of manufactured seeds are assembled, they are sowed in a nursery bed. As such, they are allowed to germinate with the anticipation of yielding a large number of healthy seedlings having desired characteristics. Although currently available manufactured seeds are relatively successful in yielding a reasonable number of healthy seedlings, such manufactured seeds are not without problems.

As an example, research has shown that embryo quality can reduce the germination of manufactured seeds. As a non-limiting example, with one set of embryos, germination was 50%. This can be improved by various sorting methods. As a result, as measured against the successful yield rate, the cost of manufactured seeds with low quality embryos is proportionately higher when evaluated against crop yield.

Thus, there exists a need for a multi-embryo manufactured seed that produces a higher successful yield rate than those currently available in the art.

SUMMARY OF VARIOUS EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

A manufactured seed is provided. The manufactured seed includes a first seed shell and a first restraint disposed within the first seed shell. The manufactured seed also includes at least two embryos disposed within the manufactured seed. In another embodiment of the present invention, the manufactured seed also includes a second seed shell coupled to the first seed shell, and includes a second restraint having a cavity. In this embodiment, one of the at least two embryos is disposed within the cavity of the first restraint and another of the least two embryos is disposed within the cavity of the second restraint.

In yet another embodiment of the present invention, the first and second seed shells are coaxially aligned. In still yet another embodiment, the manufactured seed includes a plurality of restraints disposed in one end of the first seed shell.

A multi-embryo manufactured seed formed in accordance with various embodiments of the present invention has several advantages over currently available manufactured seeds. Because the multi-embryo manufactured seed of the present invention includes at least two embryos, there is a greater chance of producing a manufactured seed yielding an acceptable successful seedling rate per manufactured seed. Further, because multiple embryos are disposed in each manufactured seed, the need to evaluate and segregate qualified embryos from unqualified embryos prior to insertion into the manufactured seed is reduced. This results in a more cost effective manufactured seed as a time consuming step in the manufactured seed assembly is eliminated.

Thus, a multi-embryo manufactured seed formed in accordance with the various embodiments of the present invention has a high degree of reliability, and is capable of mass production at a relatively low cost.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this invention will become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view of a multi-embryo manufactured seed formed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, showing two manufactured seed blanks coaxially joined at one end by a bonding material;

FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional side view of a multi-embryo manufactured seed formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, showing four manufactured seed blanks co-joined at one end by a bonding material;

FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional side view of a multi-embryo manufactured seed formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, showing two manufactured seed blanks co-joined at one end by a sleeve;

FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional side view of a multi-embryo manufactured seed formed in accordance with still yet another embodiment of the present invention, showing a single seed coat having two restraints disposed in opposite ends of the seed coat;

FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional side view of a multi-embryo manufactured seed coat formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, showing two embryos disposed within a manufactured seed having a single restraint;

FIG. 6 is a partial cross-section isometric view of a multi-embryo manufactured seed formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, showing a plurality of restraints disposed in one end of the manufactured seed; and

FIG. 7 is a partial cross-section isometric view of a multi-embryo manufactured seed formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention, showing a single restraint having a plurality of cavities sized to receive an embryo.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

FIG. 1 illustrates a multi-embryo manufactured seed (hereinafter referred to as “manufactured seed 20 ”) constructed in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The manufactured seed 20 includes first and second seeds 22 a and 22 b , and a bond portion 24 . As both the first and second seeds 22 a and 22 b are identically configured, only one seed 22 a will be described in greater detail. Therefore, the description of the first seed 22 a is equally applicable to the second seed 22 b.

The first seed 22 a includes a seed shell 30 a , a cotyledon restraint 32 a , and an embryo 34 a . The interior of the seed shell 30 a is filled with a nutritive media 36 a . Such a seed 22 a is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,701,699, issued to Carlson et al., the disclosure of which is hereby expressly incorporated by reference.

The seed shell 30 a is suitably formed from a tubular material, such as a straw of fibrous material, and is sectioned in appropriate lengths. The cotyledon restraint 32 a is suitably manufactured from a hard, porous material, such as ceramic, and includes a longitudinally extending cavity 38 a . The cavity 38 a extends partially through one end of the cotyledon restraint 32 b and includes an open end known as a cotyledon restraint opening 40 a . The cavity 38 a is sized to receive the plant embryo 34 a therein.

Still referring to FIG. 1, the bond portion 24 will now be described in greater detail. The bond portion 24 is suitably formed from a wax and extends between two opposed ends of the first and second seeds 22 a and 22 b . Although wax is the preferred material to form the bond portion, other types of materials, such as glue, are also within the scope of the present invention. Further, in other embodiments, the bond portion 24 is accomplished by ablation by a laser, or a sleeve, as will be described in greater detail below.

As assembled, the manufactured seed 20 is then distributed in a nursery bed where the embryos 34 a and 34 b are permitted to germinate. In some circumstances, both embryos 34 a and 34 b are healthy embryos and each germinates to yield an acceptable seedling. However, in other circumstances, only one of the two embryos 34 a and 34 b successfully germinate to produce a desirable seedling.

Referring now to FIG. 2, a manufactured seed 120 , formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present, invention will now be described in greater detail. The manufactured seed 120 of the present embodiment is identical in materials and use as the previously described embodiment with reference to FIG. 1, with the exception that the manufactured seed 120 includes a third and fourth seed 22 c and 22 d . In this embodiment, all four seeds 22 a - 22 d have one end thereof connected by the bond portion 24 , such that the manufactured seed 120 is substantially cross-shaped, or X-shaped, in configuration. Although a total of four manufactured seeds are illustrated as sharing a common bond portion, it should be apparent that other embodiments, such as a manufactured seed that includes more or less seeds coupled thereto. As an example, a manufactured seed that includes only three seeds, or one that includes five or six seeds are also within the scope of the present invention.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a manufactured seed 220 formed in accordance with yet another embodiment of the present invention will now be described in greater detail. The manufactured seed 220 is identical in both materials and use for the embodiment described above with respect to FIG. 1, with the exception that the first and second seeds 22 a and 22 b are coupled together by a sleeve 224 . The sleeve 224 is suitably any material capable of either fusing, melting or otherwise connecting opposed ends of the first and second seeds 22 a and 22 b together. As an example, the sleeve 224 is a band of elastic material tightly disposed around the exterior of the first and second seeds 22 a and 22 b . Other types of materials for the bond portion 224 , such as paper, wax impregnated paper, plastic, biodegradable plastic, shrink tubing, rubber tubing, and a glue, are also within the scope of the present invention.

A manufactured seed 320 formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention may be best understood by referring to FIG. 4. The manufactured seed 320 is identical in materials and use to the manufactured seeds described above, with the exception that the manufactured seed 320 includes a single seed shell 330 . The cotyledon restraints 32 a and 32 b are disposed within opposite ends of the seed shell 330 , thereby forming a continuous tubular structure.

Referring next to FIG. 5, a manufactured seed 420 formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention will now be described in greater detail. The manufactured seed 420 is identical in materials and use as the previous embodiments described above, with the following exception. In that regard, the manufactured seed 420 includes only one cotyledon restraint 32 a housing two embryos 34 a and 34 b within the cavity 38 a . Although only two embryos are illustrated, the invention is not intended to be so limited. In that regard, the cotyledon restraint opening 38 a may include more embryos, such as three or more, and therefore, such embodiments are also within the scope of the present invention. The manufactured seed 420 also includes a well known dead end seal 428 .

A manufactured seed 520 formed in accordance with still yet another embodiment of the present invention may be best understood by referring to FIG. 6. The manufactured seed 520 is identical in materials and use to the previously described embodiments, with the following exceptions. First, the manufactured seed 520 includes a plurality of cotyledon restraints 532 a - 532 d disposed within one end of the seed shell 22 a . Another difference between the manufactured seed 520 of the present embodiment and the previously described embodiments is that the cotyledon restraint 532 a - 532 d are seated within the one end of the seed shell 22 a by a well known live end seal 550 . Such a live end seal 550 is suitably formed from a wax or wax compound. If a thermoplastic material is utilized for the seed shell 22 a , the thermoplastic material may be utilized as the “glue” to hold the restraint to the seed shell.

Although the present embodiment is described as containing only four cotyledon restraints, it should be apparent that other embodiments are also within the scope of the present invention. As an example, such a manufactured seed may include two, three, five, or any other combination of cotyledon restraints within the one end of the seed shell 22 a . As another example, multiple cotyledon restraints may be disposed in both ends of the seed shell 22 a , such that a plurality of embryos are disposed in both ends of the seed shell 22 a . Accordingly, such embodiments are also within the scope of the present invention.

As may be best seen by referring to FIG. 7, a manufactured seed 620 formed in accordance with another embodiment of the present invention will now be described in greater detail. The manufactured seed 620 is identical in materials and use to the previously described embodiment of FIG. 6, with the exception that the manufactured seed 620 includes a single cotyledon restraint 632 having a plurality of cavities 638 a - 638 d . The cotyledon restraint 632 is suitably disposed within one end of the seed shell 22 a and is sealed therein by a wax, glue, or thermal plastic melt bond. After an embryo 34 a - 34 d is disposed within a corresponding cavity, it may be sealed therein by an appropriate and well known live end seal.

It should be apparent that although a cotyledon restraint 632 with a total of four cavities 638 a - 638 d , is illustrated and described, other cotyledon restraints, such as a cotyledon restraint with two, three, five, six, or more cavities, are also within the scope of the present invention. It should also be apparent that the manufactured seed may include two identically configured, single restraints having a plurality of cavities inserted into both ends of the seed coat. As yet another embodiment, a manufactured seed having, in one end, a single restraint with a plurality of cavities, and a plurality of restraints disposed in the other end of the seed coat. Accordingly, such embodiments are also within the scope of the present invention.

While the preferred embodiment of the invention has been illustrated and described, it will be appreciated that various changes can be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.