DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0039] Referring to FIG. 1 , an environment 100 is depicted, including an aircraft 104 with an interior 102 . Aircraft environments are well known. Most include various interior environments 102 , such as a cockpit, cabin, bathrooms, kitchen and service areas, as well as hardware, software and system elements for servicing those environments, such as steering, lighting, navigation, sensor, fuel, engine control, weather, security, communications, piloting and alarm systems in the cockpit; lighting, sound, safety and entertainment systems in the cabin; lighting and sanitation systems in the bathrooms, and lighting and communications systems in the kitchen and service areas. In addition, an aircraft 104 has related systems, such as a fuel system, an engine or jet system, one or more maintenance systems, various database and data manipulation systems, and many other systems.

[0040] Referring to FIG. 2 , an interior cabin 102 of an aircraft 104 is depicted. Like other interior aircraft environments, the cabin 102 includes a plurality of lighting systems. These lighting systems can include a plurality of ceiling lights 202 , seat lights 208 to light the environments around a plurality of seats 210 , and floor lights 204 . Similarly, such an environment may include window lights, as well as lights positioned in various other positions on the walls, floors, ceilings or on other objects in the environment. Seat lights 208 can be positioned, for example, to illuminate a position in front of a customer (such as for reading), or to illuminate other areas, such as a display screen located on the back of the seat in front of the customer. Similarly, lights could be used to light an entertainment screen in the cabin, or to enhance entertainment content. For example, an aircraft system could be fitted with a surround light functionality, similar to that described in U.S. patent applications “LIGHTING ENTERTAINMENT SYSTEM” Ser. No. 09/213,548, Filed Dec. 17, 1998; “LIGHTING ENTERTAINMENT SYSTEM” Ser. No. 09/815,418, filed Mar. 22, 2001; “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR DIGITAL ENTERTAINMENT” Ser. No. 10/045,604, filed Oct. 23, 2001; “LIGHTING ENTERTAINMENT SYSTEM” Ser. No. 09/742,017, filed Dec. 20, 2000, which are incorporated by reference herein.

[0041] In conventional aircrafts, the interior light systems of FIG. 2 would be conventional white lights (such as halogen lights) with minimal functionality (such as on-off capability, and perhaps limited dimming capability). In contrast, in the methods and systems disclosed herein, the light systems 202 , 204 , 208 , as well as any other light systems, can provide illumination of colors other than white, as well as providing white illumination. Thus, a light system 202 (or any other light system in the interior of the environment) can, under processor- or computer-control, provide controlled illumination and display of light in any color, at any color temperature, at any time, as programmed by the operator of the light system 202 .

[0042] For example, the light system 202 can operate in a white color mode at some times and in a non-white color mode at other times. In fact, the system 202 can, with the proper configuration of light sources and control elements, provide any selected color at any desired time. The methods and systems taught herein may be used in a number of environments. Several examples of such environments can be found in U.S. Patent Application “SMART LIGHT BULB,” application Ser. No. 09/215,624, filed Dec. 17, 1998, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein. By using computer-controlled light sources, the operator can thus provide illumination characteristics in an aircraft or similar environment that cannot be provided with conventional systems.

[0043] Selection of the proper light sources can be helpful to maximize the effectiveness of a computer-based lighting system in an environment. For example, aircraft environments require white light systems for many uses, such as safety, reading, general illumination, and the like. However, such environments can also benefit from non-white systems, such as for mood lighting, entertainment, presentation of colors for purposes of branding, and the like. Such effects may also include color temperature control, such as control based on time of day or other factors.

[0044] In embodiments it is thus desirable to include one or more white light sources, such as white LEDs of the same or different color temperature, as well as non-white sources. For example, white light can be generated by a combination of red, green (or yellow) and blue light sources, or by a white light source. The color temperature of white light can be modified by mixing light from a second light source. The second light source can be a light source such as a white source of a different color temperature, an amber source, a green source, a red source, a yellow source, an orange source, a blue source, or a UV source. In embodiments, the lights can be LEDs of red, green, blue and white colors. In other embodiments LEDs of white, amber, red, green and blue can be mixed to provide a wide range of available colors and color temperatures. More generally, the lights can be any LEDs of any color, or combination of colors, such as LEDs selected from the group consisting of red, green, blue, UV, yellow, amber, orange and white. White LEDs can include LEDs of more than one color temperature or other operating characteristic. Thus, the light systems 202 , 204 , 208 and other interior light systems (such as for cockpit, bathroom, kitchen or service area illumination) preferably comprise light sources of different colors, so that colors other than white, and different color temperatures of white, can be produced on demand.

[0045] FIG. 3 depicts a bus environment 300 , with interior lighting systems, including ceiling lights 302 , floor lights 304 , and seat lights 308 . This environment is depicted to make the general point that many existing environmental lighting systems with conventional lighting fixtures can benefit from computer- and color-controlled lighting systems. Thus, the lights 302 , 304 and 308 , as well as other bus lights, can similar to the lights 202 , 204 and 208 described above and elsewhere herein.

[0046] Referring to FIG. 4, a schematic diagram 400 depicts high-level system elements for a computer-controlled lighting system. These include a plurality of lights 402 , which may include light sources such as those described in connection with FIG. 2 above, such as LED-based lights or light fixtures, such as red, green, blue, amber, white, orange, UV, or other LEDs, disposed in any configuration. The lights 402 may be under the control of a control system 408 . The control system 408 may include various system elements, such as a processor 414 , as well as other control system elements, such as a user interface 418 , a data facility 420 , a communications facility 422 and an algorithm facility 424 . It should be understood that these elements, while provided in many preferred embodiments, are optional in other embodiments. Also, it should be understood that FIG. 4 is a functional diagram, and that the control system 408 , while presented as a single, integrated system, could comprise disparate system elements, including elements residing in other locations or on other devices. For example, the data facility 420 might comprise memory resident on a general purpose computer with the processor 414 , but it might also comprise a database located entirely off of the aircraft, such as in a maintenance system that interfaces with the control system only periodically, such as when the aircraft is docked at a jetway.

[0047] In one preferred embodiment the control system 408 is a general purpose computer, such as a PC, laptop computer or handheld computer.

[0048] The processor 414 may be any processor, such as PIC processor offered by Microchip Corp., a general purpose computer processor, such as a Pentium-based processor, or other processor or processing element. In embodiments the control system may be integrated with other system elements of the environment, so that lighting control for the lights 402 is provided on the processor of another system of the aircraft 104 , such as the maintenance system, entertainment system, sound system, navigation system, security system, or the like. In embodiments, control from one or more other system of the aircraft 104 can override control by the lighting control system 408 , such as to provide alarms, security, or safety control functions that interrupt other functions, such as general lighting or entertainment functions. Thus, the algorithm facility 424 may include and execute algorithms for prioritizing lighting control commands from various lighting system control or environmental control elements.

[0049] In embodiments, the processor 414 may refer to any system for processing electrical, analog or digital signals. A processor may include a microprocessor, microcontroller, circuit, application specific integrated circuit, chip, chipset, programmable digital signal processor, biological circuit or other programmable device, along with memory such as read-only memory, programmable read-only memory, electronically erasable programmable read-only memory, random access memory, dynamic random access memory, double data rate random access memory, Rambus direct random access memory, flash memory, or any other volatile or non-volatile memory for storing program instructions, program data, and program output or other intermediate or final results. A processor may also, or instead, include an application specific integrated circuit, a programmable gate array, programmable array logic, a programmable logic device, a digital signal processor, an analog-to-digital converter, a digital-to-analog converter, or any other device that may be configured to process signals. In addition, a processor may include discrete circuitry such as passive or active analog components including resistors, capacitors, inductors, transistors, operational amplifiers, and so forth, as well as discrete digital components such as logic components, shift registers, latches, or any other separately packaged chip or other component for realizing a digital function. Any combination of the above circuits and components, whether packaged discretely, as a chip, as a chipset, or as a die, may be suitably adapted to use as a processor as described herein. It will further be appreciated that the term processor may apply to an integrated system, such as a personal computer, network server, or other system that may operate autonomously or in response to commands to process electronic signals such as those described herein. Where a processor includes a programmable device such as the microprocessor or microcontroller mentioned above, the processor may further include computer-executable code that controls operation of the programmable device.

[0050] The user interface 418 may be any user interface suitable for allowing an operator to control a light system, such as a power-cycle-based interface, a general purpose computer interface, a keyboard, a mouse, a voice- or image-recognition interface, a programming interface, a software authoring tool interface, a light show player interface, a touchpad interface, a wireless interface, or other interface suitable for entering computer control commands. In embodiments the interface may be an interface for another system of the aircraft 104 , such as the interface to a conventional lighting system, an entertainment system interface, a communications system interface, a maintenance system interface, a navigation system interface, or other interface.

[0051] The methods and systems taught herein may be controlled through network and other control systems. More particular descriptions of such methods and systems can be found in the following U.S. Patent Applications: SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR AUTHORING LIGHTING SEQUENCES, application Ser. No. 09/616,214, filed Jul. 14, 2000; A METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR AUTHORING AND PLAYING BACK LIGHTING SEQUENCES, application Ser. No. 09/870,418, filed May 30, 2001; METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING A LIGHTING SYSTEM IN RESPONSE TO AN AUDIO INPUT, application Ser. No. 09/886,958, filed Jun. 21, 2001; SYSTEMS AND METHOD OF GENERATING CONTROL SIGNALS, application Ser. No. 10/163,164, filed Jun. 5, 2002, which are hereby incorporated by reference herein.

[0052] The data facility 420 is an optional system element. The data facility could be memory resident on a general purpose computer system 408 , including RAM, ROM, hard disk memory, diskette, zip drive, or the like, or it could comprise a database, such as a SQL, TCL, Oracle, Access, or other database. It could comprise a data facility of another computer system, such as an entertainment system, maintenance system, safety system, or the like. In embodiments, it could comprise some or all of the above. Thus, data for lighting control could reside both in the safety system (to store safety-related lighting signals) and the entertainment system (to provide control signals for light shows) and in the general lighting system control (for general illumination). Stored control signals allow a user to program the lighting system to produce any desired effect or any color, intensity and color temperature, at any predetermined time, on demand, at random, or other various other modes. For example, the data facility 420 can store signals to create a color-chasing rainbow up and down the floor and ceiling of the aircraft cabin, or to provide desirable color temperatures of white light for sleep, reading, or watching a movie on an LCD screen. The data facility 420 can store signals that are complementary to the experience, such as those that are related to the entertainment content of a movie that is shown in a cabin or at a seat. The effects can include branding-related effects, such as those that use the signature colors of the airline in question. The data facility 420 can include stored shows, such as those pre-programmed by an author and downloaded to the system, such as by the communications facility 422 .

[0053] Many lighting effects may be generated through a system according to the principles of the present invention. The references incorporated by reference herein provide many examples of such lighting effects.

[0054] In embodiments the control system 408 may include a communications facility 422 , which may facility communications with other computer systems. The communications facility 422 may generally include any known communications facility, such as wire- and wireless-based communications facilities, networks, interface cards, circuits, routers, switches, software interfaces, wires, cables, connectors, circuits, RF, IR, serial and parallel ports, USB facilities, firewire facilities, copper wires, modems, Bluetooth facilities, various DSL modems, antennae, satellite communications facilities, telecommunications or other communications facilities. In embodiments the communications facility 422 and other system elements are configured to comply with regulatory requirements, such as FAA regulations on radiation emissions. Thus, various shielding facilities may be required in order to prevent the communications facility and other system elements from interfering with navigation systems and other aircraft systems.

[0055] In one preferred embodiment the communication facility 422 is that of a general purpose computer, and the control system 408 is connected to the lights 402 by a bus 428 or similar facility, as well as a physical connector 404 , which together with the bus 428 provides two-way communication between the control system 408 and the lights 402 . In one preferred embodiment each connector 404 or certain connectors 404 are addressable, as more particularly described below. In embodiments the bus may be a RS 485 bus or similar facility.

[0056] In some embodiments the control system 408 may also include an interface 412 to another system 410 of the environment, such as the safety system, alarm system, maintenance system, entertainment system, navigation system, power system, engine system, or the like. Via the communications facility 422 the control system 408 is capable of two-way data communications with any other computer system that is configured to communicate with the control system 408 .

[0057] The control system 408 may further include the algorithm facility 424 , which is a general description of any of a group of available facilities for processing instructions and, for example, providing lighting control based on the instructions. For example, in embodiments where the control system 408 receives data from the light systems 402 , the control system 408 could determine that a light 402 is about to fail (such as because the total “on” time for the light as calculated by the algorithm facility 424 is nearing the predicted lifetime of the light), and it could signal the maintenance system to have the light replaced at the next stop of the plane. The algorithm facility 424 can thus operate on instructions received by the communications facility 422 , data from the data facility 420 , and preprogrammed instructions, to generate control signals, messages, and other output in any manner desired by the user. For example, it can prioritize various lighting control signals based on various data, such as a hierarchy of systems or conditions that determine which control signal should actually be sent to the lights 402 . Thus, an alarm signal would preempt an entertainment signal, and so on.

[0058] In general, it can be desirable to have addressability of light systems that are disposed in environments. By linking network addresses to physical locations, a light system operator can create light shows that are more effective than those that are created with random color effects, or ones in which the various lights systems are not well-coordinated. For example, a color-chasing rainbow effect can be easily programmed if the positions of the light systems are known, as well as their network addresses. Also, knowing individual addresses of lights 402 allows an operator to tailor light conditions to particular light. Thus, an individual sitting in a seat may wish to control the color, color temperature, luminosity, or other features of the light. With addresses, it is possible to provide individual control of lights 402 , rather than just general illumination of the entire environment.

[0059] On the control side, methods and systems are known for sending addressed light signals via a communications facility 422 . Examples include the DMX protocol, and there are various other network protocols that can be used to address control signals to particular addresses in a network topology. In such systems, devices that have a given address extract control bits that relate to that address, so that a single control signal (comprised of signals for each of a range of addresses), effectively provides unique control signals for each of the addresses. Each light 402 thus “knows” its address and recognizes control signals that are addressed to it, while ignoring control signals that addressed to other lights 402 .

[0060] A variety of methods and systems are known for setting addresses of light systems, such as the lights 402 . Examples include dipswitches that are onboard the lights, various software interfaces, and the like. Methods and systems are also known for determining light locations, so that an array of lights with addresses can be stored in a table that relates the addresses to physical locations.

[0061] The methods and systems taught herein may be controlled through addressable systems. More particular descriptions of such methods and systems can be found in the following U.S. Patent Applications: METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING ADDRESSABLE SYSTEMS, application Ser. No. 60/401,965, filed Aug. 8, 2002; METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING DEVICES IN A NETWORKED LIGHTING SYSTEM, application Ser. No. 10/158,579, filed May 30, 2002; AUTOMATIC CONFIGURATION SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR LIGHTING AND OTHER APPLICATIONS, application Ser. No. 09/924,119, filed Aug. 7, 2001; METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING DEVICES IN A NETWORKED LIGHTING SYSTEM, application Ser. No. 09/870,193, filed May 30, 2001; SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PROGRAMMING ILLUMINATION DEVICES, application Ser. No. 10/078,221, filed Feb 19, 2002.

[0062] One problem with conventional facilities for addressing light systems is that in some environments lights are used heavily and thus may be changed regularly. If the address system is onboard the light, it may be difficult to know or find out the address of the replacement light. Thus, getting a replacement light to work properly may require knowing the right address for a particular position and setting that address properly upon light replacement. The problem with this is that aircraft maintenance takes place under very tight time schedules, so that it is desirable to avoid any complicated, difficult, or unnecessary steps. Setting a dipswitch on a light, while feasible, might require a maintenance person to look up the address of the light in a lookup table, set the light to the right dipswitch positions, and then plug in the light. This could be time consuming and error prone.

[0063] One solution to this problem is a preferred embodiment of the methods and systems disclosed herein. In such a method and system the address facility is provided at the end of the connector 404 that is proximal to the lights 402 , rather than on the lights 402 themselves. Thus, the connector 404 , which remains fixed in its initial position, often for the lifetime of the aircraft, can be associated with an address in a lookup table, allowing the author of an effect to direct control signals to the location of the connector. Thus, a light 402 , designed to fit with the connector 404 , can receive control signals that are addressed to it, based on the facility of the connector 404 to extract only that data from the general control signal of the bus 428 the particular control data that is addressed to that particular connector (and in turn to any light system that is connected to that connector). With the address facility in the connector, rather than the light 402 , maintenance can consist only of plugging and unplugging any arbitrary light fixture that has the capability of responding to the control signal, without needing to take additional steps to address that fixture at the time it is put in place.

[0064] In embodiments the connector 404 is a cable having a head end and a base end, with a facility for providing the address included at the head end of the cable. The connector 404 may be configured to receive a light system 402 , such as a modular light system, so that the particular light system responds to control signals addressed to the address of the connector to which the light system is connected.

[0065] Systems and methods according to the principles of the present invention may be modular or have modular components. The references incorporated by reference herein provide examples of such modular systems and components.

[0066] Systems according to the principles of the present invention may be controlled through many other systems and methods. The references incorporated by reference herein provide examples of such control systems and methods.

[0067] In embodiments the environment can include another computer system 410 , such as a steering system, a navigation system, a safety system, a sensor system, an alarm system, a maintenance system, a communications system or an entertainment system. In some cases the environment can contain seats, with light systems disposed to illuminate the environments of the seats. In some cases the environment can contain a corridor, wherein the light systems are disposed to illuminate at least one of the ceiling and the floor of the corridor. Referring to FIG. 5 , the environment need not be a transportation venue. For example, it could be an entertainment venue, such as theatre, which may have floor lights 504 , ceiling lights 502 and lights 508 designed to illuminate particular locations, such as seats, screens, actors, or the like. Of course, a transportation environment is, in many cases, also an entertainment venue, so it shares many characteristics, such as seats, aisles, screens, and lights.

[0068] In embodiments, the connector 404 provides a two-way data interface between the lights 402 and the control system 408 . In embodiments, the control system 408 can communicate data with the lights 402 , such as control data, temperature data, performance data, performance history data, light histogram data, intensity data, color temperature data, on-off status data, color data, time data, total-on-time data, light show data, lighting effect data, alarm data, maintenance data, power-usage data, system status data, customer-entered data, advertising data, branding data, communications data.

[0069] In one embodiment the control system 408 may interface with a backup power system, which provides power to the lights 402 , but which may also signal the lights to operate in a certain mode, such as an emergency mode.

[0070] In embodiments, the light systems may work in connection with a secondary system for operating on the light output of the light system, such as an optic, a phosphor, a lens, a filter, fresnel lens, a mirror, and a reflective coating.

[0071] Using the two-way communication facility of the connector 404 , the control system 408 can control the lights 402 in response to a wide range of inputs, whether programmed by the user, provided by other computer systems 412 , provided from sensors, or provided from the lights 402 .

[0072] In embodiments of the methods and systems disclosed herein, there are methods and systems for creating and using customer profiles, taking advantage of the two-way communication facility of the connector 404 and the data storage facility 424 .

[0073] In many modes of transportation (planes, trains, boats, even cars) passengers are often seated for long periods of time and find ways to relax such as reading, listening to music, playing games, talking on the phone, sleeping, eating and more.

[0074] Typically in each of these transportation modes, the seating area provides conveniences and comforts such as communications access, power outlets, television, music and radio, reading lights, adjustable seat controls and more. While certain activities are limited at times (electronic devices during takeoff and landing of airplanes for example), quite a few activity options are available today for the bored passenger. From the transportation company's perspective, they also have a captive audience—hence the success of marketing in airline magazines or SkyMall®.

[0075] In several of these modes, planes and trains, for example, it is often known who occupies a particular seat. People are assigned particular seats and stay there for the duration of the trip. This knowledge and a selective amount of feedback can reveal many useful details about a passenger and allow the transportation company (airline, railroad etc) to tailor and customize future travel for that particular passenger or offer opportunities (e.g., promotions, incentives or advertising) focused on that particular passenger. The construction of these profiles is the combination of several forms of information available to the transportation company or a third-party that might provide media and activity solutions and develop profiles based on that information.

[0076] Travel agencies, departments and airlines already have profiles for passengers, especially for those who fly frequently. In part, the profile is used to quickly settle reservations based on preferences (aisle, window, front, back, 1 ^st class, steerage), payment, etc. But with additional information could build a substantial profile based on activity in flight (sleeper, reader, TV viewer, classical music) and provide accommodations that are more personal and individually tailored and give the airline a differentiation based on personalized service—like a concierge at a good hotel. For example, an airline would like to be able to greet a customer as follows: “Welcome back Mr. Green—we have the following musical selections/television selections/reading materials available for you.”

[0077] Disclosed herein are methods and systems for using data communications and storage facilities associated with light systems to assist in creating a knowledge base about customers and for tracking and predicting their behavior for purposes of providing useful information and services to individual customers or groups of customers.

[0078] A variety of information is necessary to construct a picture of the users, and such sensors may include status of lighting, television program selection, musical selection, power usage, seat occupancy, thermal data, and more.

[0079] Information that can be collected and stored in the data storage facility 420 can include many items, such as whether someone is in the seat, whether the reading lamp is on, whether the seat has been adjusted, whether the TV is on, and to what channel, whether a headphone is plugged in or not, what station the music is playing on, whether a video game is being played, and which one, and how well it was played. Other questions include: Is someone plugged into the power outlet? How much power is being drawn (which can serve as an indicator of what device is being used by the customer)? In the future web access is also a likely candidate for such feedback.

[0080] One such feedback mechanism is the time history of the various sensors that can be associated to communicate with the control system 408 through the connector 404 and bus 428 . This provides a representation of when various activities occur and for how long. As the figures below show, a wide variety of information can be gathered and sensors and feedback can reinforce each other. For example, if the seat sensor is not triggered then any additional information does not matter.

[0081] FIG. 6 depicts an example of a data histogram with data from various sensors.

[0082] In addition to monitoring devices, the time histories of sensors and feedback mechanisms can be used to determine and schedule preventive maintenance. Repeated on/offs may indicate problems with the device, user interface issues, or used to have flight attendants check on someone without having the call button pressed. Device feedback from lighting systems through overcurrent or undercurrent or onboard intelligence may indicate partial or imminent failures in the device warranting a replacement process.

[0083] In one scenario, imagine a hypothetical company that we can refer to as ProfileBuilder that could manage all media and passenger interaction aboard an airplane. They can present options to those individuals for services and products in addition to providing them with media selections they prefer. In return, they can gather detailed information on preferences of individuals so they can both present those tailored options and build detailed profiles. Privacy issues will certainly be unavoidable with such information but encryption and other safeguards can insure the privacy of such information. A detailed profile can be a capsule summary of a person's life—preferences, time histories of purchases, media etc. This may be useful not only to marketing companies but to the individuals themselves.

[0084] In 2001, 622 million passengers boarded 8.8 million U.S. airline flights, down from 666 million passengers on 9 million flights in 2000. Presumably there are many connecting flights but that is still an average of about 25,000 flights per day in the US. If only 1% of those numbers are in airplanes where the enhancing seating and media is available that is still over 6M passengers where detailed preferences and high fidelity profiles can be constructed. Such passengers are also a desirable audience or demographic with presumably more education, income and spending than the average person.

[0085] As seen in FIG. 6 , lights can also provide a thermal history, such as for scheduling maintenance, either on a routine or emergency basis, such as in conjunction with the aircraft's other maintenance systems.

[0086] An environment for a user of an entertainment system that takes advantage of data communication with a light system is depicted in FIG. 7 . It should be understood that the aircraft seating environment is, in this respect, an entertainment environment not unlike those described in the patents and patent applications referenced herein. Thus, all applications, methods and systems identified therein should be understood to be capable of use in the aircraft cabin (or other transportation environment).

[0087] Referring to FIG. 8 , it can be seen that light systems can include lights 402 of many configurations, in an unlimited number of shapes and sizes. Examples include linear arrays 802 , with LEDs of different colors in a line (including curvilinear arrays), as well as groupings 804 of LEDs in triads, quadruple groups, quintuple groups, etc. LEDs can be disposed in round fixtures 808 , or in various otherwise shaped fixtures, including those that match fixture shapes for incandescent, halogen, fluorescent, or other fixtures. Due to small size and favorable thermal characteristics, LED-based light sources offer flexibility in fixture geometry.

[0088] While certain preferred embodiments have been described herein, other embodiments can be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art and are hereby incorporated by reference. All patents, patent applications, publications, specifications, regulations and other documents referenced herein are hereby incorporated in their entirety by reference.